近日,國際期刊Nucleic Acids Research在線發(fā)表了華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)作物遺傳改良全國重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、湖北洪山實(shí)驗(yàn)室題為“A novel active transposon creates allelic variation through altered translation rate to influence protein abundance”的研究論文。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的活躍轉(zhuǎn)座子,該轉(zhuǎn)座子插入外顯子,產(chǎn)生上游開放閱讀框(upstream reading frame, uORF),降低蛋白翻譯效率和蛋白豐度,進(jìn)而影響玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量。
轉(zhuǎn)座子也稱“跳躍基因”,是一種特殊的DNA序列,可以從基因組一個(gè)位置跳躍到另一個(gè)位置。20世紀(jì)40-50年代,Barbara McClintock女士以玉米為材料,首次在玉米中發(fā)現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)座子。她將發(fā)現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)座子命名為Ac和Ds,二者構(gòu)成了Ac-Ds控制體系,其中,Ac是自主型轉(zhuǎn)座子,可以自發(fā)跳躍,Ds是非自主型轉(zhuǎn)座子,只有在Ac存在時(shí),才能發(fā)生跳躍。起初,轉(zhuǎn)座子理論一直未受重視,但隨著其他科學(xué)家在細(xì)菌等其它多個(gè)物種中相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似現(xiàn)象,McClintock的發(fā)現(xiàn)才逐步被人們認(rèn)可,并最終于1983年獲得諾貝爾生理醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。
隨著研究的深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)座子是驅(qū)動(dòng)基因組進(jìn)化和表型多樣性的重要?jiǎng)恿?。目前,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)座子以多種機(jī)制調(diào)控基因表達(dá)和表型變異,包括插入編碼區(qū)導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)變異,通過DNA甲基化或者提供新的啟動(dòng)子、增強(qiáng)子等調(diào)控元件改變基因表達(dá)水平,產(chǎn)生小干擾RNA抑制蛋白翻譯等。那么,轉(zhuǎn)座子是否能以其它新機(jī)制調(diào)控基因表達(dá)呢?
本研究中,作者在玉米自交系B73后代材料中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)活躍的轉(zhuǎn)座子,將其命名為BTA(B73 active TE hAT)。BTA插入到編碼糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的基因ZmSWEET4c第一個(gè)外顯子中,形成了一個(gè)新的具有劑量效應(yīng)的亞等位基因,并導(dǎo)致玉米籽粒大小改變。BTA插入不影響基因轉(zhuǎn)錄、剪切、亞細(xì)胞定位等,但是通過產(chǎn)生uORF及其自身的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)抑制了ZmSWEET4c的翻譯效率,降低了蛋白質(zhì)豐度。除此之外,BTA插入其它基因中也會(huì)產(chǎn)生相似的效應(yīng)。通過轉(zhuǎn)座子捕捉技術(shù),在BTA活躍的后代材料中鑒定到79個(gè)新的插入事件,其中包括BTA和BTA-like轉(zhuǎn)座子。新的插入位點(diǎn)具有典型的常染色質(zhì)特征,包括低水平的DNA甲基化和高水平的H3K27ac。研究還鑒定到BTA及BTA-like轉(zhuǎn)座子對(duì)應(yīng)的自主轉(zhuǎn)座酶,它具有完整的ORF,能夠轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯,編碼的蛋白質(zhì)具有典型的自主轉(zhuǎn)座酶功能結(jié)構(gòu)域。
綜上,本研究鑒定了玉米和水稻上趨同選擇基因ZmSWEET4c的一個(gè)有功能且具有劑量效應(yīng)的亞等位基因。鑒定了一類新的轉(zhuǎn)座子,發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)座子可形成uORF,并通過調(diào)控蛋白質(zhì)翻譯效率調(diào)控基因表達(dá)和表型。本研究為基于轉(zhuǎn)座子驅(qū)動(dòng)的作物改良提供了新的途徑,通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)座子進(jìn)行編輯,可調(diào)控蛋白豐度,創(chuàng)制優(yōu)良等位基因,實(shí)現(xiàn)重要農(nóng)藝性狀的改良。
本文通訊作者是華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)玉米團(tuán)隊(duì)李青教授,已畢業(yè)博士生陳果(任職于新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院核技術(shù)生物技術(shù)研究所),在讀碩士生王銳林,在讀博士生江宜哲為共同第一作者。明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)Nathan Springer教授參與了相關(guān)研究工作。本研究獲得國家自然科學(xué)基金、中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金和高等學(xué)校學(xué)科創(chuàng)新引智計(jì)劃等的資助。
【英文摘要】
Protein translation is tightly and precisely controlled by multiple mechanisms including upstream open reading frames (uORFs), but the origins of uORFs and their role in maize are largely unexplored. In this study, an active transposition event was identified during the propagation of maize inbred line B73. The transposon, which was named BTA for 'B73 active transposable element hAT‘, creates a novel dosage-dependent hypomorphic allele of the hexose transporter gene ZmSWEET4c through insertion within the coding sequence in the first exon, and results in reduced kernel size. The BTA insertion does not affect transcript abundance but reduces protein abundance of ZmSWEET4c, probably through the introduction of a uORF. Furthermore, the introduction of BTA sequence in the exon of other genes can regulate translation efficiency without affecting their mRNA levels. A transposon capture assay revealed 79 novel insertions for BTA and BTA-like elements. These insertion sites have typical euchromatin features, including low levels of DNA methylation and high levels of H3K27ac. A putative autonomous element that mobilizes BTA and BTA-like elements was identified. Together, our results suggest a transposon-based origin of uORFs and document a new role for transposable elements to influence protein abundance and phenotypic diversity by affecting the translation rate.
論文鏈接:https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac1195